Determination of apnea/hypopnea during cpap treatment

ABSTRACT

CPAP treatment apparatus is disclosed having a controllable positive airway pressure device. A sensor generates a signal representative of patient respiratory flow that is provided to a controller. The controller is operable to determine the occurrence of an apnea from a reduction in respiratory airflow below a threshold determined from long term ventilation. When an apnea or hypopnea has occurred the calculation of the threshold is suspended until the end of that event.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/558,835, filed Dec. 3, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/278,372, filed on Aug. 5, 2008, which application is a national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/AU07/00273 filed Mar. 6, 2007, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/779,625 filed Mar. 6, 2006, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the administration of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for partial or complete upper airway obstruction by auto-titrating devices that adjust treatment pressure to eliminate obstructive airway events. In particular it relates to the detection of apnea/hypopnea events.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the Sleep Apnea syndrome a person stops breathing during sleep. Cessation of airflow for more than 10 seconds is called an “apnea”. Apneas lead to decreased blood oxygenation and thus to disruption of sleep. Apneas are traditionally categorized as either central, where there is no respiratory effort, or obstructive, where there is respiratory effort. With some central apneas, the airway is open, and the subject is merely not attempting to breathe. Conversely, with other central apneas and all obstructive apneas, the airway is closed. The occlusion is usually at the level of the tongue or soft palate. The airway may also be partially obstructed (i.e., narrowed or partially patent). This also leads to decreased ventilation (hypopnea), decreased blood oxygenation and disturbed sleep.

The common form of treatment of these syndromes is the administration of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). The procedure for administering CPAP treatment has been well documented in both the technical and patent literature. An early description can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,310 (Sullivan). Briefly stated, CPAP treatment acts as a pneumatic splint of the airway by the provision of a positive pressure, usually in the range 4-20 cm H₂O. The air is supplied to the airway by a motor driven blower whose outlet passes via an air delivery hose to a nose (or nose and/or mouth) mask sealingly engaged to a patient's face. An exhaust port is provided in the delivery tube proximate to the mask. The mask can take the form of a nose and/or face mask or nasal prongs, pillows or cannulae.

Various techniques are known for sensing and detecting abnormal breathing patterns indicative of obstructed breathing. U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,995 (Sullivan et al.), for example, generally describes how snoring and abnormal breathing patterns can be detected by inspiration and expiration pressure measurements made while a subject is sleeping, thereby leading to early indication of preobstructive episodes or other forms of breathing disorder. Particularly, patterns of respiratory parameters are monitored, and CPAP pressure is raised on the detection of pre-defined patterns to provide increased airway pressure to, ideally, subvert the occurrence of the obstructive episodes and the other forms of breathing disorder. U.S. Pat. No. 6,502,572 (Berthon-Jones et al.) generally describes a CPAP treatment apparatus having a controllable flow generator (which is used herein as an example of a positive airway pressure device) operable to produce breathable gas at a treatment pressure elevated above atmosphere to a patient by a delivery tube coupled to a mask having connection with a patient's airway. A sensor generates a signal representative of patient respiratory flow that is provided to a controller. The controller is operable to determine the occurrence of an apnea from a reduction in respiratory airflow below a threshold, and if an apnea has occurred, to determine the duration of the apnea and to cause the flow generator to increase the treatment pressure. The '572 patent contains explicit pseudo-code for various algorithms involved in the determination of the presence of apneas and hypopnoeas, which is included herein by reference.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to an improvement in the apnea/hypopnea detection algorithm of such devices as disclosed by the '572 patent to simplify it, thereby reducing its memory demands, decrease its sensitivity to noise and to remove a problem with the determination of long term ventilation when apneas/hypopnoeas are present.

The invention discloses a method for the administration of CPAP treatment pressure comprising the steps of:

supplying breathable gas to the patient's airway at a treatment pressure;

determining a measure of respiratory airflow; and

determining the occurrence of an apnea/hypopnea from a comparison of a threshold based upon long term ventilation with short term ventilation, wherein the determination of long term ventilation is not updated while an apnea/hypopnea event is in progress and the apnea/hypopnea event is considered terminated when there is an excess of above threshold values of the short term ventilation;

increasing the treatment pressure during the presence of the apnea/hypopnea.

The invention further discloses a CPAP treatment apparatus for implementing the above method comprising:

a controllable flow generator operable to produce breathable gas at a pressure elevated above atmosphere;

a gas delivery tube coupled to the flow generator;

a patient mask coupled to the tube to receive said breathable gas from the flow generator and provide said gas, at a desired treatment pressure, to the patient's airway;

a controller operable to receive input signals and to control operation of said flow generator and hence the treatment pressure; and

a sensor located to sense patient respiratory airflow and generate a signal input to the controller from which patient respiratory airflow is determined;

and wherein the controller is operable to determine the occurrence of an apnea from a comparison of a threshold based upon long term ventilation with short term ventilation, wherein the determination of long term ventilation is not updated while an apnea/hypopnea event is in progress and the apnea/hypopnea event is considered terminated when there is an excess of above threshold values of the short term ventilation.

The recognition of the occurrence of an apnea begins by calculating an average respiratory airflow over a short time interval, calculating the average respiratory airflow over a longer time interval, and determining whether the average respiratory airflow over the short time interval is less than a predetermined fraction of the average respiratory airflow over the longer time interval, provided that the calculation over the longer time interval ceases until the apnea is terminated. For simplicity the averages may be calculated by using an IIR filter. Occurrence and termination of an apnea or hypopnea event is determined from the number of above threshold values of the short term ventilation.

In a preferred embodiment, the sensor can comprise a flow sensor, and the controller derives respiratory airflow therefrom.

The method and apparatus can also advantageously be used in concert with the ‘forced oscillation method’ for measuring airway patency (referred to above as European Publication No. 0 651 971 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,345 whose disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference), in which the CPAP pressure is modulated with an amplitude of for example 1 cmH₂O at 4 Hz, the induced airflow at 4 Hz is measured, the conductance of the airway calculated by dividing the amplitude of the induced airflow by the pressure modulation amplitude, and the additional requirement imposed that the treatment pressure is only increased if the conductance is greater than a threshold.

The present invention can be combined with an independent pressure increase in response to indicators of partial upper airway obstruction such as snoring or changes in shape of the inspiratory flow-time curve. In this way it is possible in most subjects to achieve pre-emptive control of the upper airway, with pressure increases in response to partial upper airway obstruction preventing the occurrence of closed airway apneas. In the minority of subjects in whom pre-emptive control is not achieved, this combination will also correctly increase the CPAP pressure in response to those closed airway apneas that occur at low CPAP pressure without prior snoring or changes in the shape of the inspiratory flow-time curve. Furthermore, the combination will avoid falsely increasing the CPAP pressure in response to open airway apneas induced by high pressure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows, in diagrammatic form, apparatus embodying the invention;

FIG. 2 shows an alternative arrangement of the apparatus of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows the portion of the absolute value of a flow function used to calculate ventilation.

FIG. 4 shows a typical apnea following a period of normal breathing and the result of calculating long term averages and thresholds;

FIG. 5 shows a breathing pattern involving several apneas in succession.

FIG. 6 shows a graph of the reduction of tidal volume versus event duration.

FIG. 7 shows a flow chart of an algorithm of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows, in diagrammatic form, CPAP apparatus in accordance with one embodiment. A mask 30, whether either a nose mask and/or a face mask, is sealingly fitted to a patient's face. Breathable gas in the form of fresh air, or oxygen enriched air, enters the mask 30 by flexible tubing 32 which, in turn, is connected with a motor driven turbine or blower 34 to which there is provided an air inlet 36. The motor 38 for the turbine is controlled by a motor-servo unit 40 to commence, increase or decrease the pressure of air supplied to the mask 30 as CPAP treatment. The mask 30 also includes an exhaust port 42 that is close to the junction of the tubing 32 with the mask 30.

Interposed between the mask 30 and the exhaust 42 is a linear flow-resistive element 44. In practice, the distance between mask 30 and exhaust 42, including flow resistive element 44 is very short so as to minimize dead space volume. The mask side of the flow-resistive element 44 is connected by a first small bore tube 46 to a mask pressure transducer 48 and to an input of a differential pressure transducer 50. Pressure at the other side of the flow-resistive element 44 is conveyed to the other input of the differential pressure transducer 50 by a second small bore tube 52.

The mask pressure transducer 48 generates an electrical signal in proportion to the mask pressure, which is amplified by a first amplifier 53 and passed both to a multiplexer/ADC unit 54 and to the motor-servo unit 40. The function of the signal provided to the motor-servo unit 40 is as a form of feedback to ensure that the actual mask static pressure is controlled to be closely approximate to the set point pressure.

The differential pressure sensed across the linear flow-resistive element 44 is output as an electrical signal from the differential pressure transducer 50, and amplified by a second amplifier 56. The output signal from the second amplifier 56 therefore represents a measure of the mask airflow. The linear flow-resistive element 44 can be constructed using a flexible-vaned iris. Alternatively, a fixed orifice can be used, in which case a linearization circuit is included in the first amplifier 53, or a linearization step such as table lookup included in the operation of controller 62.

The output signal from the second amplifier 56 is low-pass filtered by the low-pass filter 58, typically with an upper limit of 10 Hz, in order to remove non-respiratory noise. The second amplifier 56 output signal is also bandpassed by the bandpass filter 60, and typically in a range of 30-100 Hz to yield a snoring signal. The outputs from both the low-pass filter 58 and the bandpass filter 60 are provided to the digitizer or ADC unit 54. The digitized respiratory airflow (FLOW), snore, and mask pressure (P_(mask)) signals from ADC unit 54 are passed to a controller 62, typically constituted by a micro-processor based device also provided with program memory 5 and data processing storage memory.

The controller 62 outputs a pressure request signal which is converted to a voltage by a DAC unit 64, and passed to the motor-servo unit 40. This signal therefore represents the set point pressure P_(set)(t) to be supplied by the turbine or blower 34 to the mask 30 in the administration of CPAP treatment. The controller 62 is programmed to perform a number of processing functions.

As an alternative to the mask pressure transducer 48, a direct pressure/electrical solid state transducer (not shown) can be mounted from the mask with access to the space therewithin, or to the air delivery tubing 32 proximate the point of entry to the mask 30.

Further, it may not be convenient to mount the flow transducer or linear flow resistive element 44 at or near the mask 30, nor to measure the mask pressure at or near the mask. An alternative arrangement, where the flow and pressure transducers are mounted at or near the air pressure generator (in the embodiment being the turbine or blower 34) is shown in FIG. 2.

The pressure p_(g)(t) occurring at the pressure generator or blower 34 outlet is measured by a pressure transducer 70. The flow f_(g)(t) through tubing 32 is measured with flow sensor 72 provided at the output of the turbine or blower 34. The pressure loss along tubing 32 is calculated in pressure loss calculation element 74 from the flow through the tube f_(g)(t), and a knowledge of the pressure-flow characteristic of the tubing, for example by table lookup. The pressure at the mask p_(m) is then calculated in first subtraction element 76 by subtracting the tube pressure loss from f_(g)(t).

The pressure loss along tube 32 is then added to the desired set pressure at the mask P_(set)(t) in summation element 78 to yield the desired instantaneous pressure at the pressure generator. Preferably, the controller of the pressure generator has a negative feedback input from the pressure transducer 70, so that the desired pressure from summation element 78 is achieved more accurately. The flow through the exhaust 42 is calculated from the pressure at the mask (calculated in first subtraction element 76) from the pressure-flow characteristic of the exhaust in exhaust flow calculation element 80, for example by table lookup. Finally, the mask flow is calculated by subtracting the flow through the exhaust 42 from the flow through the tubing 32, in second subtraction element 82.

Calculation of Moving Average Ventilation

As depicted in FIG. 3, the instantaneous or short term ventilation is calculated as half the

_(ma) second moving average of the absolute value of a <_(RA) Hz low pass filtered respiratory airflow. The instantaneous ventilation is required for detection of hypopneas. Since hypopneas can be as short as 10 seconds, the window over which instantaneous ventilation is calculated should be less than 10 seconds. Conversely, a single breath is typically 5 seconds. Hence instantaneous ventilation should be calculated over periods of at least 5 seconds. Therefore a preferred value for

_(ma) is 8 seconds. By using a moving window, instantaneous ventilation is always defined, regardless of the point in the respiratory cycle. Taking half the absolute value of the flow signal is identical to taking the average of the inspiratory and expiratory flows. A preferred value for <_(RA) is 1 Hz is to prevent non-respiratory noise (snore, cardiogenic airflow) being included in the measurement of ventilation.

The preferred long term moving average ventilation is calculated as follows:

initialize at each mask-off to mask-on transition to 7.5 L/min

for the next 2 minutes, low pass filter the flow with time constant of 20 seconds

thereafter, low pass filter the flow with a time constant of 100 seconds, however, cease to update the long term ventilation while an apnea/hypopnea (as determined below) is in progress.

The 100 second time constant is chosen to be long compared with the duration of a typical apnea or hypopnea (20-40 seconds), but short compared with genuine changes in ventilation, for example with the sleep state (many minutes). The initialization to 7.5 L/min (a typical normal value), rather than zero, is so that, in the case of normal breathing, the long-term average will reach the true value more quickly. The reduced time constant for the first 2 minutes also aids in faster settling to the correct value.

Detection of Apnea

FIG. 4 shows a typical single 15 second apnea following a period of normal breathing of 24 breaths. In that figure, the dashed line shows the long-term averaged ventilation. The dotted line is a threshold set at 25% of the longterm average flow. The solid line is a two second moving average flow and becomes very small during the apnea, below the threshold.

Where there are several apneas, as shown in FIG. 5, the longterm average ventilation would be affected. Accordingly, in the present invention, the averaging of the long term ventilation is suspended upon detection of a short term ventilation falling below the threshold, which indicates an apnea.

Hypopnoea Detection

A hypopnoea is scored if the short term ventilation drops below 0.5 times the longterm average minute ventilation (in L/sec) and hypopneas are scored if the ventilation is reduced by 50% for at least 10 seconds. Mathematically, this definition implies convolving the respiratory waveform with a 10 second rectangular window, which will make it impossible in principle to precisely measure the length of a hypopnea to the nearest second. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, on a graph of reduction of tidal volume versus event duration, there is a region to be scored as a hypopnea, a region to be not scored as a hypopnea, and a “don't care” region, whose shape is based on spreadsheet simulations.

Termination of Apnea/Hypopnea

To determine the termination of the apnea/hypopnea a score is maintained as to how many data points of short term ventilation are above or below the threshold. Then, periodically, the score is checked. If the number of data points below the threshold is greater than those above it is assumed the apnea is continuing, otherwise the apnea/hypopnea event is considered to have ended.

Steps for Apnea/Hypopnea Detection

A logical diagram of the novel algorithm of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 7. The steps are as follows:

1. Take the absolute value of flow and compute short-term ventilation and long term ventilation using IIR filters. Do not update long term ventilation filter if apnea is detected or, hypopnea is detected for more than 10 sec.

2. If short-term vent<long-term vent/4 start apnea detection, initialize duration=2 sec.

3. If short-term vent<long-term vent/2 start hypopnea detection, initialize duration=2 sec

4. for the next 8 sec, keep marking apnea/hypopnea data as above or below the respective thresholds.

5. at the end of 8 sec if number of data below threshold is greater than number of data above threshold, enter apnea and/or hypopnea state

6. from now on every 4 sec period, keep marking data as above or below threshold (and incrementing apnea duration).

7. At the end of each period, check if number of data below threshold is greater than number of data above threshold+10.

8. If false record apnea/hypopnea and enter normal state, otherwise continue.

More complex variants of CPAP therapy, such as bi-level CPAP therapy or therapy in which the mask pressure is modulated within a breath, can also be monitored and/or controlled using the methods described herein. 

1. A method for scoring occurrence of hypopnea events comprising: accessing a respiratory waveform signal from a signal generated by a sensor; processing the respiratory waveform signal by applying a rectangular window to the respiratory waveform signal; scoring, with a processor, an occurrence of a hypopnea event based on (1) the processing and (2) a function relating (a) ventilation reduction to (b) duration, the scored occurrence of a hypopnea event comprising a predetermined ventilation reduction for at least a predetermined duration that is related to the predetermined ventilation reduction by the function; and generating, with the processor, an output signal based on the scoring.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying comprises convolving the rectangular window and the respiratory waveform signal.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the rectangular window comprises a ten second window.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the function defines a plurality of regions.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the plurality of regions comprises a hypopnea region.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the plurality of regions comprises a not hypopnea region.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the plurality of regions comprises a do not care region.
 8. The method of claim 5 wherein the scoring comprises determining that the processed respiratory waveform signal is present in the hypopnea region.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the ventilation reduction comprises a percent reduction in tidal volume.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the processed respiratory waveform signal is present in the hypopnea region if the predetermined ventilation reduction is a fifty percent reduction in tidal volume and the predetermined duration is twelve seconds.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein processed respiratory waveform signal is present in the hypopnea region if the predetermined ventilation reduction is a seventy-five percent reduction in tidal volume and the predetermined duration is nine seconds.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the processor constitutes a controller and wherein the output signal comprises a controlled increase in a respiratory therapy based on the scored occurrence of a hypopnea event.
 13. An apparatus for scoring occurrence of hypopnea events comprising: a sensor to generate a respiratory waveform signal; and a processor in communication with the sensor, the processor configured to: process the respiratory waveform signal by applying a rectangular window to the respiratory waveform signal; score an occurrence of a hypopnea event based on (1) the processing and (2) a function relating (a) ventilation reduction to (b) duration, the scored occurrence of a hypopnea event comprising a predetermined ventilation reduction for at least a predetermined duration that is related to the predetermined ventilation reduction by the function; and generate an output signal based on the scoring.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the applying comprises convolving the rectangular window and the respiratory waveform signal.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the rectangular window comprises a ten second window.
 16. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the function defines a plurality of regions.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the plurality of regions comprises a hypopnea region.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the plurality of regions comprises a not hypopnea region.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the plurality of regions comprises a do not care region.
 20. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the scoring comprises determining that the processed respiratory waveform signal is present in the hypopnea region.
 21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the ventilation reduction comprises a percent reduction in tidal volume.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the processed respiratory waveform signal is present in the hypopnea region if the predetermined ventilation reduction is a fifty percent reduction in tidal volume and the predetermined duration is twelve seconds.
 23. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the processed respiratory waveform signal is present in the hypopnea region if the predetermined ventilation reduction is a seventy-five percent reduction in tidal volume and the predetermined duration is nine seconds.
 24. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising a blower to produce a respiratory therapy, wherein the processor is configured as a controller for the blower, and wherein the output signal comprises a control signal to increase the respiratory therapy based on the scored occurrence of a hypopnea event. 